Oh yeah, I told you Jong Hun would be back. He's too sexy to not be put back.

Due to overwhelming, unexpected reactions obtained after typing out my own study material onto this blog, I have decided to do it again, since I did really come back and keep reading it- a bad habit of mine to keep reading my own literary works. Whatever I have typed, I always enjoy a second re-visit. For whatever peculiar reason that I think all comes down to my utterly queer and unpredictable behavior- these notes on my own PERSONAL LIFE blog has indeed helped me out, even the tiniest on my Physics test. So I'm back.

Tomorrow is my Biology Test. Biology falls on the first period, which leaves me with little time to study it. But no worries, the more stress you put on yourselves, the more you panic and lose hold of yourselves. Just keep steady and accept whatever is chucked at your feet with confidence. So, with all these said, I shall get on going. The notes is only for self-reference, and people reading my blog for my own personal life can simply scroll down, just a little bit more, to reach what I would have to type for the past few days of my life.

ENZYMES

A catalyst is a substance which can alter of speed up a chemical reaction, without being chemically changed at the end of the reaction.

Inorganic catalysts are not destroyed by boiling or by changes in the pH of the solution.

Enzymes are biological catalysts made up of protein. They alter the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being chemically changed at the end of the reaction. They allow a reaction to be carried out at a lower temperature and speeds up the reaction. (They lower the activation energy)

They are required only in minute amounts, and a small amount is sufficient to catalyse a large number of chemical reactions. They are also specific on their functions, for example amylases only act on starch, not on proteins or fats. Similarly, proteases act only on proteins, and lipases only on fats. Substances which enzymes act on are called substrates.

Enzymes have an optimum temperature. This is the temperature which the enzympe is the most active in catalysing the largest number of rections per second. Optimum temperature varies in different organisims, but for most it is around 40-45 degress celsius. Certain enzymes in plants however have a higher optimum temperature of around 65 degree celsius.

Enzyme activity increase as temperature rises as the particles of matter are always in constant random motion. Thus, raising the temperature increases the kinetic energy, and when the reacting molecules move faster, the substrate and enzyme molecules collide with each other more often, This increases the chance of the substrates fitting into the active sites.

Enzyme activity decreases as high temperatures because the vibrations would get too violent that they break the hydrogen bonds in the enzyme causung it to lose its shape and active site (denature).

The higher the temperautre, the faster the rate of denaturation.

Denaturation is the change in the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme or any soluble protein, caused by heat or chemicals such as acids and alkalis.

Temperature and pH can be limiting factors. An increase in the value of these factors increases the rate if reaction, until the optimum temperature or pH is reached.

Enzymes help build up or synthesise complex substances, break down food substances in cells to release nergy (cellular respiration), and break down poisonous substances in cells.


Enzymes catalyse reversible reactions.


NUTRITION IN HUMANS


Holozoic nutrition - Animals taking in complex organic matter (solid or liquid)

Ingestion - Food taken into the body

Digestion - Large food molecules broken down into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the body cells

Absorption - Digested food substances are absorbed into the body cells

Assimilation - Some of the absorbed food substances are converted into new protoplasm or used to provide energy.

Mouth & Buccal Cavity

Teeth breaks down large pieces of food into smaller pieces, increasing surface area to volume ratio of the food so enzymes can act on it more efficiently.

Salivary glands secrete sakuva unti the mouth.

Tongue helps to mix the food with saliva, Taste buds on tongue help to identify food.

Pharynx

To prevent food going down the wrong way, larynx moves up and the epiglogttis moves down so that the larynx is covered by the epiglottis. No food particles can enter the trachea (windpipe).

Oesophagus

Made up of two layers of muscles:

The longitudinal muscles on the outside of the gut and the circular muscles on the inside of the gut.

Peristalsis

The longitudinal and circular muscles are antagonistic muscles, meaning when one set of muscles contracts, the other relaxes.

When the circular muscles contract, the longtidunial muscles relax. As a result, the wall of the guy constricts, becoming longer and narrower, pushing the food forward.

When the longitudinal muscles contract, the circular muscles relax. The gut dilates, becoming wider and shorter, widening the lumen for the food to enter.

~.~.~.~

All right, I shall end there.

Let's talk about a few random things that happened recently. Actually, to be honest, NOTHING of interest occured these few days, probably because we are living in the city where everything seems to be following a set of rules that you could almost figure out roughly what was going to happen in your life for the next day. I'm not saying you would know EVERYTHING, since every single day there are all kinds of factors in your life that would make each and every day of your life different- the people you meet, another person's decisions, your own decisions...

The thing that kept ringing in my mind, for some reason that I can't see the light of- was a day when I was released from school, trudging my way to the mall's library. I had just entered the library, and was going to renew the date for my borrowed book. I loved the book so much I wanted to keep it with me for as long as possible. Inside, I saw the guy I had practically known the whole of my life. He didn't change much as much as I was concerned, he looked all the same, just that he had grown so much that the guy I was so familar with, able to face at eye-level, now required me to look up at just to converse with him.

I paced around the machines, waiting for the chance for me to use either of them to renew the date for my book. He was still using, and never did notice me. I stared at him, not sure if it was him, so I walked a little closer, looking in the other direction just in case it wasn't him so I wouldn't seem like some gone-out-of-hand psycho (which I was anyway). He noticed me and called out for me. I turned around and was relieved it was indeed him.

I went to his side and stared at the screen.

"Well, what are you doing?" To be frenetic, I already knew of his motive, seeing the blue card stuck in the receiver, with the words NETS written over it. However, this was a worthy topic for me to bring up. He looked up at me, then in a hushed voice, he told me, his playfulness all about his face like how I've seen him all the time, and whispered, "I'm paying for my overdue books. It's quite a lot..."

I laughed, bantering him with an accusing voice. He smiled back at me, and I simply turned away, upon noticing the nostalgia that was filling me from within. It was hard to admit that he wasn't a friend that I treasured in my youthful days, in fact, it would be such a blatant lie- and there were also the couple of days where the feelings of such tight-knitted amity that the two of us shared suddenly transformed into feelings of affection, feelings of admiration, and caught me aback for a moment, but I seem quick enough to see the line and step back. Yet, I guess it wasn't just me who suddenly got caught red-handed and flustered- he was the one who spewed the words first.

When he turned to leave, I didn't say goodbye. Probably that was my only regret of the day. Yet, somehow I wanted it to end that way. I watched as his back faded into the distance, his face now serious, almost comically, with his little mole just right above his lips; I almost laughed seeing how serious he was. Normally, with him, I would just burst out in laughter, and he would stare at me incredulously, and then he would get infected and he would start crackling up too. The two of us can, perhaps, be the wackiest partner ever. I don't know, we have been friends, for a very, very long time. Our affinity seems beyond this world, and even the gods to fathom.

How I met him at age 4, and we were in the same class for every year except when we first entered the same primary school at age 7. How we just couldn't forget each other, how our friendship deepened. Though now he's in one of the top schools of Singapore, still thriving in his education, being one of the future bright stars of the country, while I am cuddling around in the dirt, my books thrashed to a side, and me picking them up once in a while, rolling about the green grasses enjoying the blue sky and breathing in what smells so much of beautiful life, strings and strings of words twirling before my vision, almost like the mellifluous notes of music floating about the atmosphere- but I know, the two of us, we are not done and dusted right here. I just know, that some day in the future, the two of us would still be enjoying life, each other as childhood companions.

Thank you for your existence in my life.

After I was done with all that I had intended to do right from the start, I trailed out of the library, feeling a little more light-hearted than original. I went past the gift shop, the light almost a little too dazzling, and past the in-mall cafeteria, and was going to head down the escalator when I heard this terrifying yell out of nowhere. My name.

"PEIYUN!"

I almost froze, and flinched a little and I turned my head.

Ah, perfect, just the person I wanted to see. I quickly stepped on the escalator and got escorted downstairs, ignoring him, the storybook I had in hand, covering the left of my face.

After I got to the third floor and realized he hadn't followed, I relaxed a little, but apparently by now some of the passers-by were gawking at me with wide eyes, as if I were some kind of nondescript. I felt embarrassed by their stares, but I could do nothing about it other than to mouth words of curses as I proceeded to the next escalator down to the ground floor.

Apparently, it was YUXUAN back then and he had simply hollered my name amidst the so-called silence in the cafeteria when he spotted me out of nowhere; I wonder how he did that since he was sitting in this area where it was quite hard to notice me unless he really wanted to, and he had shouted so hard that right at that point of time everybody was staring at either me or him. He had even stood up, staring at me, so I just pretended I didn't know that lunatic and went down the escalator.

Either way, he didn't follow so well, I reached home without incident.

AND,

Spreading the Minhwan-love,

TADAAAAAAAAA!







FT ISLAND!!